Structural color is poorly known in plants relative to animals. In fruits, only a handful of cases have been described, including in We obtained fresh and herbarium fruit material from 30 We identify at least two (possibly three) origins of blue fruit color in Examining the full spectrum of mechanisms producing color in pl, including structural color as well as pigments, will yield further insights into the diversity, ecology, and evolution of fruit color.
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Summary Viburnum tinus where the blue color results from a disordered multilayered reflector made of lipid droplets. Here, we examine the broader evolutionary context of fruit structural color across the genusViburnum .Viburnum species spanning the phylogeny and used transmission electron microscopy, optical simulations, and ancestral state reconstruction to identify the presence/absence of photonic structures in each species, understand the mechanism producing structural color in newly identified species, relate the development of cell wall structure to reflectance inViburnum dentatum , and describe the evolution of cell wall architecture acrossViburnum .Viburnum in species which produce large photonic structures made of lipid droplets embedded in the cell wall and which reflect blue light. -
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Summary The majority of plant colours are produced by anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments, but colouration obtained by nanostructured materials (i.e. structural colours) is increasingly reported in plants. Here, we identify a multilayer photonic structure in the fruits of
Lantana strigocamara and compare it with a similar structure inViburnum tinus fruits.We used a combination of transmission electron microscopy (EM), serial EM tomography, scanning force microscopy and optical simulations to characterise the photonic structure in
L. strigocamara . We also examine the development of the structure during maturation.We found that the structural colour derives from a disordered, multilayered reflector consisting of lipid droplets of
c. 105 nm that form a plate‐like structure in 3D. This structure begins to form early in development and reflects blue wavelengths of light with increasing intensity over time as the structure develops. The materials used are likely to be lipid polymers.Lantana strigocamara is the second origin of a lipid‐based photonic structure, convergently evolved with the structure inViburnum tinus . Chemical differences between the lipids inL. strigocamara and those ofV. tinus suggest a distinct evolutionary trajectory with implications for the signalling function of structural colours in fruits. -
Abstract Our ability to produce and transform engineered materials over the past 150 years is responsible for our high standards of living today, especially in the developed economies. Yet, we must carefully think of the effects our addiction to creating and using materials at this fast rate will have on the future generations. The way we currently make and use materials detrimentally affects the planet Earth, creating many severe environmental problems. It affects the next generations by putting in danger the future of economy, energy, and climate. We are at the point where something must drastically change, and it must change NOW. We must create more sustainable materials alternatives using natural raw materials and inspiration from Nature while making sure not to deplete important resources, i.e. in competition with the food chain supply. We must use less materials, eliminate the use of toxic materials and create a circular materials economy where reuse and recycle are priorities. We must develop sustainable methods for materials recycling and encourage design for disassembly. We must look across the whole materials life cycle from raw resources till end of life and apply thorough life cycle assessments based on reliable and relevant data to quantify sustainability.more » « less
